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Nepal

Flowers of Nepal — 1313 wild plant species documented from the Nepalese Himalaya, from subtropical foothills to high alpine meadows above 4,000 m. Nepal’s dramatic elevation gradient makes it one of the richest botanical regions on Earth, home to rhododendrons, primulas, gentians and the famed blue poppies (Meconopsis). Every entry gives a botanical description, native distribution, habitat and flowering season, alongside the original field photograph and the location where it was taken.

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga diversifolia

by GP Jürgens

Wall. & Ser.

Nepal 95 134 P227 ergebnis
Nepal south of Rupien La 3600m October
Bhutan2012 501
Bhutan Pele-La 3100m, September
Bhutan2012 500
Bhutan Wangdi 3100m, September

Description

Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. & Ser. is a Sino-Himalayan alpine herb with GBIF recording 742 occurrences across China, Nepal, India, Myanmar, Bhutan and Pakistan. It is a plant of subalpine and alpine meadows, open slopes, shrubberies and damp grassy banks, typically growing between about 3000 and 4500 m. The cited collections — south of the Rupien La in Nepal at 3600 m in October, and from the Pele-La and Wangdi areas of Bhutan around 3100 m in September — show its broad occurrence through the central and eastern Himalaya and its autumn flowering at the close of the monsoon season.

The species is a tufted perennial arising from a short rhizome, with erect, leafy flowering stems. As the epithet diversifolia implies, the foliage is dimorphic: the basal leaves are long-petiolate with cordate to reniform blades, whereas the cauline leaves are progressively sessile and amplexicaul, clasping the stem. The inflorescence is a terminal cyme of several yellow flowers; each flower has five spreading petals, ten stamens, and a bicarpellate, partly inferior ovary. The fruit is a two-beaked capsule splitting between the divergent styles to release numerous small seeds.

Within the very large genus Saxifraga, this species is placed in the yellow-flowered section Hirculus, a predominantly Asian alpine group well represented in the Himalaya and on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Several Himalayan species of this section are morphologically close and have been variously circumscribed. The species is pollinated by alpine insects and is not considered threatened, being locally common across its extensive montane range, where it forms part of the diverse high-elevation meadow flora of the eastern Himalaya.

Author: Wall. & Ser. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of China, Flora of Bhutan, Flora of Nepal, Webb & Gornall monograph of Saxifrages

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga engleriana

by G & P Jürgens

Harry Sm.

Sikkim2003 201 G281 ergebnis
Sikkim Dzongri 3900m, August

Description

Saxifraga engleriana is a high-alpine perennial of the eastern Himalaya and adjacent southwestern China, recorded from China, Nepal, Bhutan, India and Myanmar; its roughly 51 GBIF occurrences are concentrated in the alpine zone of the Sino-Himalayan ranges. It is a plant of cool, humid altitudes, as exemplified by the collection above Dzongri in Sikkim at about 3900 m in August, when flowering coincides with the late-monsoon growing season. It grows in moist alpine turf, on rock ledges and in cliff crevices kept damp by snowmelt and cloud condensation, within the cushion-plant and dwarf-herb communities of the subnival belt.

The plant forms low, tufted to loosely matted growth from a branched caudex, the slender stems bearing small, somewhat fleshy leaves that may carry lime-secreting chalk glands at their margins, a trait of the encrusted silver saxifrages. The glandular-hairy flowering stems carry few-flowered cymes of small flowers with five free, usually white to pale petals, five sepals, ten stamens and a bicarpellate, semi-inferior ovary. The fruit is a two-beaked capsule splitting between persistent styles to release numerous minute seeds.

Saxifraga is a large, predominantly arctic-alpine genus whose Himalayan species are partitioned among sections distinguished by leaf encrustation and indumentum; S. engleriana belongs among the lime-encrusted alpines centred on the high mountains of central Asia. As a narrowly distributed orophyte of a cold, fragmenting habitat, it is potentially sensitive to climate-driven upslope contraction of the alpine zone, though its remoteness affords protection from direct disturbance.

Author: Harry Sm. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of China Vol. 8, Flora of Bhutan Vol. 1, Flora of Nepal, Saxifrages of the World (Webb & Gornall)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga filicaulis

by GP Jürgens

Wall. & Ser.

Bhutan2012 916 ergebnis
Bhutan Tumching-La 4100m, October
Bhutan2012 917 ergebnis
Bhutan Tumching-La 4100m, October

Description

Saxifraga filicaulis is a Himalayan saxifrage distributed across China, India, Nepal and Bhutan, well represented in GBIF with about 328 occurrences. It is a plant of the alpine and upper subalpine zone, inhabiting moist rock ledges, mossy slopes, streamsides, screes and turfy banks, broadly between about 3000 and 4500 m. The record from the Tumching-La in Bhutan at 4100 m in October reflects its presence near high passes and its late-season persistence, where snowmelt seepage and cool, humid conditions favour these small rosette and mat-forming herbs.

It is a slender perennial whose specific epithet, "filicaulis" (thread-stemmed), describes its fine, wiry, often trailing or decumbent stems that root at the nodes and form loose mats. The leaves are small, the lower ones petiolate and the upper sessile, ovate to oblong, sometimes shortly ciliate. The flowers are borne singly or in few-flowered cymes on slender stalks; each has five free, spreading, usually yellow petals, often dotted with orange or reddish flecks, five sepals, ten stamens and a half-inferior ovary of two carpels with two short styles. The fruit is a beaked capsule splitting between the divergent styles.

Saxifraga is a large genus centred on the cold mountains of the Northern Hemisphere, with a notable secondary diversification in the Sino-Himalaya where sectional complexes such as the yellow-flowered Ciliatae are richly developed. S. filicaulis belongs to this Himalayan radiation, its stoloniferous, mat-forming habit being an effective strategy for colonising unstable, moist alpine substrates. It is widespread and not of conservation concern.

Author: Wall. & Ser. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of China, Flora of Bhutan, Saxifraga monograph (Gornall / Pan)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga georgei

by GP Jürgens

J. Anthony

BhutanPG2011 295
Bhutan Jule-Tso, 4000m June
BhutanPG2011 467
Bhutan Jule-Tso, 4000m June

Description

Saxifraga georgei J. Anthony is a high-alpine saxifrage of the eastern Himalaya, recorded from Nepal, Bhutan, India and southern China, with around 50 GBIF occurrences reflecting its localised, high-elevation range; an isolated German record represents cultivated material. It grows on rocky alpine slopes, screes, moraines, cliff ledges and crevices, typically above about 3800 m. The photographed plant from Jule-Tso in Bhutan at approximately 4000 m, flowering in June, is characteristic of its niche in cold, exposed, rocky subnival terrain where it forms low cushions or tufts among stones.

The species is a small, mat- or cushion-forming perennial herb with a branched, somewhat woody base bearing dense rosettes of small, obovate to spathulate, often glandular-margined leaves. The flowering stems are short and few-flowered, glandular-hairy, carrying flowers with a cupular hypanthium, five free sepals and five yellow petals frequently marked with orange or reddish spots. The two carpels are partly fused below, ripening into a small bicarpellate capsule that opens to shed numerous minute seeds.

Saxifraga georgei is placed in Saxifraga section Ciliatae (subsection allied to the Sino-Himalayan cushion saxifrages, Saxifragaceae), a major radiation centred on the high mountains of western China and the Himalaya. Its cushion habit and glandular indumentum are adaptations to cold, desiccating high-altitude conditions. A narrow-range alpine specialist, it is uncommon and, while not formally assessed, is potentially vulnerable to climate-driven habitat contraction.

Author: J. Anthony · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of Bhutan, Flora of China, Flora of Nepal, Gornall and Pan monographic studies of Saxifraga

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga hispidula

by G & P Jürgens

D.Don

Bhutan2012 236
Bhutan Haar-Valley, 4000m September

Description

Saxifraga hispidula D.Don is a small alpine herb of the Himalaya and southern China, recorded from China, Nepal, Bhutan, India and Myanmar, with around 460 GBIF occurrences. It grows on damp rock ledges, mossy cliffs, boulder crevices, stream banks and shaded alpine turf, mostly between about 3000 and 4500 m. It was recorded in Bhutan in the Haa (Haar) Valley at 4000 m in September, a high alpine setting where it occupies moist, sheltered niches among rocks at the end of the growing season when the autumn-flowering shoots are conspicuous.

It is a delicate, trailing to ascending perennial forming loose mats, the slender stems clothed in spreading hispid or glandular hairs, as the epithet hispidula indicates, and frequently producing thread-like stolons or runners that root at the nodes. The leaves are small, orbicular to obovate, crenate to few-lobed at the apex, and likewise hairy. The flowers are solitary or few in lax cymes; the five free petals are yellow, often spotted with orange or red toward the base, alternating with the calyx lobes, surrounding ten stamens and a bicarpellate ovary. The fruit is a two-beaked capsule splitting between the persistent styles to shed numerous minute seeds.

Within the immense genus Saxifraga, S. hispidula belongs to section Irregulares (Diptera), a Sino-Himalayan group of stoloniferous, spotted-flowered species adapted to moist montane and alpine rock habitats. Its trailing runners allow vegetative spread across damp substrates, complementing seed dispersal, and the spotted petals serve as insect nectar guides. The species is widespread within its altitudinal band and not considered threatened, though it is restricted to specialised high-elevation microhabitats sensitive to alpine warming.

Author: D.Don · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of China, Flora of Bhutan, Flora of Nepal, Saxifraga monograph (Webb & Gornall, Saxifrages of Europe; Pan revision of Asian Saxifraga)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga montanella 

by G & P Jürgens

Harry Sm.

Nepal 99 620 ergebnis
West-Nepal Kagmara-La 4350m, July

Description

Saxifraga montanella Harry Sm. is a diminutive alpine perennial of the saxifrage family endemic to the high Himalaya and adjacent China, with GBIF recording 54 occurrences from China (CN), Bhutan (BT), Nepal (NP) and India (IN). It is a plant of stony alpine turf, rock crevices, moraines and damp gravelly slopes at high elevation, and was photographed in West Nepal on the Kagmara-La at 4350 m in July, in the open alpine zone during the brief high-mountain flowering season. The source URL references Saxifraga elliptica, reflecting the close affinity and historical confusion among related Himalayan saxifrages.

The plant is a small tufted or loosely matted herb with short, slender, often reddish stems. The leaves are mostly basal, forming a small rosette, oblong to spathulate or elliptic, entire and somewhat fleshy, with a few reduced cauline leaves. The flowers are small and usually solitary or few in a lax cyme, with five free sepals, five narrow yellow petals that are often spotted, ten stamens and a bicarpellate ovary that is half-inferior to nearly superior. The fruit is a capsule of two divergent, beaked follicles dehiscing to release numerous minute seeds.

Saxifraga is an enormous, taxonomically complex genus centred on the alpine and arctic Northern Hemisphere, and S. montanella belongs to the yellow-flowered Himalayan assemblage allied to section Ciliatae, which has radiated extensively in the Sino-Himalayan high mountains. Like other cushion and rosette saxifrages it is adapted to short growing seasons, intense radiation and freezing nights. Its narrow range and specialised alpine habitat make it potentially sensitive to climate warming, though it is not currently assessed for conservation status.

Author: Harry Sm. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of China, Flora of Nepal, Saxifraga monograph (Gornall; Pan revision of Himalayan Saxifraga sect. Ciliatae)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga moorcroftiana

by GP Jürgens

(Ser.) Wall. & Sternb.

Sikkim2003 218 P303
Sikkim Dzongri 3900m, August
Sikkim2003 219 G304
Sikkim Dzongri 3900m, August

Description

Saxifraga moorcroftiana is a Himalayan saxifrage distributed through Nepal, India, Bhutan, Pakistan and China, with about 281 georeferenced records confirming a wide presence across the high ranges. It is a plant of open, rocky alpine and subalpine ground — stony slopes, cliff ledges, moraine and gravelly meadows — in the zone above and around treeline. The illustrated material from Dzongri in Sikkim, at about 3900 m and flowering in August, reflects the late-summer flowering typical of the species in the moist eastern Himalayan alpine belt, where it grows among rocks kept moist by snow-melt.

The plant is a perennial herb forming tufts or low cushions from a branched rootstock, with rosettes of small, more or less fleshy, oblong to spathulate leaves that may be glandular-hairy and sometimes lime-encrusted along the margins. The flowering stems are erect, often reddish and glandular, bearing a few-flowered cyme or panicle. The flowers are small, with five free sepals, five spreading petals that are pale yellow to greenish-yellow, frequently spotted or flushed with red or orange, and ten stamens. The gynoecium consists of two largely fused carpels, ripening into a bilobed capsule that opens between the beaks to shed numerous minute seeds.

Saxifraga is a large, predominantly arctic-alpine genus, richly developed in the Sino-Himalayan mountains where numerous species occupy specialised rock and screen habitats. The combination is attributed to Wallich and Sternberg, the latter author of an early monograph of the genus. As a widespread component of Himalayan alpine vegetation, S. moorcroftiana is not regarded as threatened, though, like other high-mountain saxifrages, its narrow ecological requirements render local populations sensitive to grazing and to the upward shift of climatic zones.

Author: (Ser.) Wall. & Sternb. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of Pakistan, Flora of China (Saxifragaceae), Webb & Gornall: Saxifrages of Europe and monographic treatments of Saxifraga

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga neopropagulifera

by G & P Jürgens

H.Hara

Nepal 99 543 ergebnis
West-Nepal Churta-Khola 4200m, June

Description

Saxifraga neopropagulifera is a high-alpine cushion- or mat-forming perennial of the central Himalaya, known from Nepal and Bhutan, with GBIF recording 9 occurrences. It grows on damp rock ledges, moss-cushions, gravelly slopes and the margins of late-melting snow patches in the upper alpine zone. The illustrated plant was gathered in the Churta Khola of West Nepal at about 4200 m, flowering in June, where cold, well-drained substrates and a brief growing season prevail.

The species is a low, tufted herb forming compact rosettes of small, often spathulate to oblong leaves. As its epithet implies, it characteristically produces vegetative propagules (bulbils or gemmae) in the leaf axils or at the rosette base, a mode of clonal reproduction well suited to environments where seed set is unreliable. The flowering stems are short and few-flowered, bearing small white to pale flowers with five free petals, ten stamens, and a superior to half-inferior ovary maturing into a two-beaked capsule.

The taxon is accepted in current treatments. It belongs to a group of bulbil-bearing Himalayan saxifrages allied to Saxifraga propagulifera, whose names have been repeatedly revised; H. Hara erected the present species to accommodate Himalayan material. The reliance on asexual propagules is a recurrent adaptive theme among Sino-Himalayan alpine Saxifraga, underpinning persistence on unstable scree. As a narrowly distributed orophyte it is of biogeographic interest and potential conservation concern.

Author: H.Hara · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of Nepal, Flora of Bhutan, Hara's Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga parnassifolia

by GP Jürgens

D. Don

Bhutan2012 49
Bhutan Chele-La 3800m, September
Bhutan2015 485
Bhutan Chele-La 3800m, September
Bhutan2015 486
Bhutan, Pele-La 3000m, October
Nepal 95 129 P221 ergebnis
Nepal south of Rupien La 3200m October

Description

Saxifraga parnassifolia is a Himalayan saxifrage distributed from Nepal through Sikkim and the adjoining Indian hills into Bhutan and southern Tibet (China), with GBIF recording 208 occurrences across NP, CN, IN and BT. It grows on damp rock ledges, mossy banks, cliff faces and shaded humid slopes in the upper temperate to subalpine zone, broadly between about 3000 and 4000 m. The photographed populations were documented in Bhutan at Chele-La (3800 m, September) and Pele-La (3000 m, October) and in Nepal south of the Rupien La (3200 m, October), reflecting a notably late, autumn flowering period for the species.

The plant is a perennial herb forming small tufts from a short rootstock. As the epithet parnassifolia suggests, its basal leaves resemble those of Parnassia: they are ovate to cordate, long-petiolate, entire or slightly toothed, and somewhat fleshy, clustered in a rosette. The flowering stems are erect and bear a lax, few- to several-flowered cyme. Each flower has five free sepals, five spreading white to greenish or pinkish petals, ten stamens, and a half-inferior ovary of two carpels united below and produced into two divergent styles. The fruit is a two-beaked capsule splitting between the styles to release numerous minute seeds.

Within the large genus Saxifraga, the species is placed in section Mesogyne/Cymbalaria allies of the broad-leaved Himalayan rosette saxifrages, distinguished by its Parnassia-like foliage and autumnal anthesis. As a chasmophyte of moist montane rock it indicates humid, sheltered microhabitats. It is locally frequent across its Himalayan range and is not considered threatened, though its cliff and ledge habitats are naturally restricted.

Author: D. Don · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of Bhutan, Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal, Flora of China (Saxifragaceae)

Saxifragaceae

Saxifraga poluniniana

by G & P Jürgens

Harry Sm.

Nepal 99 144 ergebnis
West-Nepal South of Rara-Lake 3800m, June
Nepal 99 145 ergebnis
West-Nepal South of Rara-Lake 3800m, June

Description

Saxifraga poluniniana is a cushion-forming alpine perennial of the western and central Himalaya, known from Nepal and India, with GBIF recording 30 occurrences. It occupies rock crevices, cliff faces, stable scree and moss-bound boulders in the upper subalpine to alpine zone. The photographed plant comes from south of Rara Lake in West Nepal at about 3800 m, flowering in June, a region of granitic outcrops and high-rainfall slopes where compact saxifrages thrive on shaded, moist rock.

The species forms dense, low cushions of small, crowded rosettes. The leaves are narrowly spathulate to linear-oblong, often hardened and lime-encrusted in the manner of section Porphyrion relatives, packed tightly to conserve moisture and resist wind exposure. The flowering shoots are short and usually carry a single, relatively large flower with five spreading petals, white to pale pink, ten stamens and a half-inferior ovary; the fruit is a small two-beaked capsule.

The taxon is accepted and was described by Harry Smith, a leading twentieth-century monographer of Sino-Himalayan Saxifraga, the epithet honouring the botanist Oleg Polunin, a noted collector in Nepal. As a narrow-range orophyte restricted to specialised rock habitats it is of considerable biogeographic interest; cushion saxifrages of this kind are valued in alpine horticulture and serve as indicators of intact high-altitude rock-ledge communities. Its limited known range warrants attention to its long-term conservation.

Author: Harry Sm. · Sources: POWO (Kew), GBIF, Flora of Nepal, Harry Smith's revisions of Asiatic Saxifraga, Polunin & Stainton's Flowers of the Himalaya